Intra- and inter-annual variation in a seagrass meadow on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica: 2009-2015 / Variación intra e inter anual en una pradera de pastos marinos en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica: 2009-2015

Abstract Seagrass beds are an important ecosystem on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. At Cahuita National Park (CNP) a seagrass bed at Perezoso has been monitored continually since 1999 within the CARICOMP program. Thalassia testudinum is the dominant seagrass species, in some cases mixed with Syringodium filiforme. The results from the 2009 to 2015 monitoring period are presented here, and contrasted with data before 2009. Total (above and below ground tissue) mean biomass of T. testudinum was higher (1 255.4 ± 146.0 gm-2) than biomass before 2009, with an increasing tendency. However, productivity (1.5±0.59 gm-2d-1) and turnover rate (4.3 ± 1.22 %d-1) were lower than previous monitoring periods. In this period, mean leaf area diminished considerably (4.9 ± 2.30 m2), but leaf area index (LAI) increased (1.9 ± 0.80 m2leafm-2) in comparison to prior monitoring. Productivity, density, turnover rate, LAI and biomass showed intra-annual variations; while mean biomass of T. testudinum did not vary significantly among years. No correlations were found between water salinity, temperature and clarity with seagrass measurements. However, most seagrass parameters were strongly correlated with precipitation. These results highlight the effect of external environmental agents acting on the ecosystem. CNP presents a long-term stable seagrass meadow. However, there are indirect signals, such as high biomass and above-ground biomass proportion, along with low productivity and LAI, which point to a nutrient increment in Perezoso's seagrass bed. To continue protecting this seagrass bed, it is necessary to improve monitoring methods, and seagrass beds should be included in national conservation policies and monitoring programs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1149-1161. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Los lechos de pastos marinos son un ecosistema importante en la costa caribeña de Costa Rica. En el Parque Nacional Cahuita (PNC), un lecho de pastos marinos en Perezoso ha sido monitoreado continuamente desde 1999 dentro del programa CARICOMP. Thalassia testudinum es la especie dominante, en algunos casos mezclada con Syringodium filiforme. Se presentan los resultados del período de monitoreo del 2009 al 2015. La biomasa promedio de T. testudinum fue mayor (1 255.4 ± 146.0 gm-2) que la biomasa antes de 2009, mostrando una tendencia creciente. Sin embargo, la productividad (1.5 ± 0.59 gm-2d-1) y la tasa de recambio (4.3 ± 1.22 %d-1) fueron inferiores a los períodos de monitoreo previos. En este período, el área foliar media disminuyó considerablemente (4.9 ± 2.30 m2), pero el Índice de Área Foliar (LAI) aumentó (1.9 ± 0.80 m2 hoja m-2) en comparación con el monitoreo previo. El promedio de la productividad, la densidad, la tasa de recambio, el LAI y la biomasa mostraron variaciones intra-anuales, mientras que la biomasa promedio de T. testudinum no varió significativamente entre los años, lo que representa un período estable. Ningún parámetro del agua de mar (salinidad, temperatura o turbiedad) se correlacionó con los parámetros del pasto marino. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los parámetros del pasto marino estaban fuertemente correlacionados con la precipitación. Estos resultados ponen en evidencia el efecto de factores ambientales externos sobre el ecosistema. El PNC tiene condiciones estables a largo plazo en las que se establece el pasto marino sin que haya evidencia de pérdida de biomasa. Sin embargo, hay señales indirectas; como el aumento de la biomasa y de la proporción de biomasa sobre el sustrato, así como una baja productividad y LAI; que apuntan a un incremento de nutrientes en el lecho de pastos marinos de Perezoso. Para continuar protegiendo este lecho marino, es necesario mejorar la calidad del agua y los métodos de monitoreo, además de incluir a estos hábitats en las políticas nacionales de conservación.

Monitoreo de pastos marinos en Perezoso, Cahuita, Costa Rica (sitio CARICOMP) / Seagrass monitoring at Perezoso, Cahuita, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site)

The seagrass of Perezoso (Cahuita National Park, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica) was monitored using the CARICOMP protocol. Productivity (2.7 +/- 1.15 g/m2/d; n=74) was intermediate, compared to other Caribbean sites. Total biomass was intermediate to high (750-1500 g/m2) at most CARICOMP sites (Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Venezuela) including Costa Rica (822.8 +/- 391.84 g/m2; n=32). Turnover rates were high (5.5 +/- 1.36%; n=74) compared to what was found in March and August at other sites. Shoot densities average 725 shoots/m2, in the Caribbean region, while in Costa Rica the value was higher (1184 +/- 335.5 shoots/m2). Average leaf length and width in the entire region were 14.4 cm and 10.6 mm, respectively, similar to what we found, but leaf area index average 3.4 m2 m(-2), higher than what was found in Costa Rica (0.92 m2 m(-2)). At Cahuita, seagrass productivity was significantly lower in March 2005 compared with the previous six years, and biomass has decreased with time. Seagrass productivity and biomass are being affected by the maximum temperatures, which increased by almost 10 degrees C from 1999 to 2005, and show a high negative correlation. Turnover rate and temperature were not correlated. Recreational boating, swimming and nutrient loading from deforested lands in the coast, the upstream rivers and local pollution are potential sources of impact to the seagrass beds at Cahuita.